The development of an attribution-based theory of motivation: A history of ideas. An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 3–25. A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences. A meta-analytic review of help giving and aggression from an attributional perspective: Contributions to a general theory of motivation. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 850–856. Empathy and attribution: Turning observers into actors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 949–971. Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction? Psychological Bulletin, 82, 213–225. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 171–193. The how and what of why: Some determinants and consequences of causal attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 491–514. Actor-observer asymmetries in explanations of behavior: New answers to an old question. The actor-observer asymmetry in attribution: A (surprising) meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1208–1219. The fundamental fundamental attribution error: Correspondence bias in individualist and collectivist cultures. Causal schemata and the attribution process. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. Kidd (Eds.), New directions in attribution research (Vol. Correspondent inferences and the attribution cube: A comparative reappraisal. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3, 1–24. From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in person perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 467–477. Further appraisal of correspondent inference theory. The American Journal of Psychology, 57, 243–259. An experimental study of apparent behavior. The psychology of interpersonal relations. Social perception and phenomenal causality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 73, 24–33. Consensus and consistency: Exposure to multiple discrimination claims shapes Whites’ intergroup attitudes. It is a type of attributional bias that plays a role in how we perceive and interact with other people. Review of General Psychology, 3, 23–43.Ĭarter, E. The actor-observer bias is a term in social psychology that refers to a tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes. Self-threat magnifies the self-serving bias: A meta-analytic integration. Actor-observer bias is a component of ultimate attribution error, or explaining away positive behavior.Campbell, W. The phenomenon is related to another aspect of psychology known as attribution theory. Psychologists believe that actor-observer bias happens because people have a strong understanding of their own situational circumstances and internal states, but they have no inherent understanding of the situational circumstances and internal states of others. The individual, as the "actor," might attribute his or her personal situation to being tired or overworked but attribute his or her colleague's situation as an "observer" to laziness or ineptitude. For example, take the case of an individual and one of his or her colleagues in a professional setting, and assume that both of them are behind schedule on an important project. According to the theory, people have a tendency to explain or understand their own actions within the context of situational circumstances, while explaining or understanding the actions of others within the context of inherent personality traits. Actor-observer bias is a theoretical behavioral model in social psychology.
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